"Iptables Tutorial 1.2.2" - читать интересную книгу автора (Andreasson Oskar)
ICMP headers
As already explained, the headers differs a little bit from ICMP type to ICMP type. Most of the ICMP types are possible to group by their headers. Because of this, we will discuss the basic header form first, and then look at the specifics for each group of types that should be discussed.
All packets contain some basic values from the IP headers discussed previously in this chapter. The headers have previously been discussed at some length, so this is just a short listing of the headers, with a few notes about them.
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● Version - This should always be set to 4.
● Internet Header Length - The length of the header in 32 bit words.
● Total Length - Total length of the header and data portion of the packet, counted in octets.
● Identification , Flags and Fragment offsets - Ripped from the IP protocol.
● Time To Live - How many hops this packet will survive.
● Protocol - which version of ICMP is being used (should always be 1).
● Header Checksum - See the IP explanation.
● Source Address - The source address from whom the packet was sent. This is not entirely true, since the packet can have another source address, than that which is located on the machine in question. The ICMP types that can have this effect will be noted if so.
● Destination Address - The destination address of the packet
There are also a couple of new headers that are used by all of the ICMP types. The new headers are as follows, this time with a few more notes about them:
● Type - The type field contains the ICMP type of the packet. This is always different from ICMP type to type. For example ICMP Destination Unreachable packets will have a type 3 set to it. For a complete listing of the different ICMP types, see the ICMP types appendix. This field contains 8 bits total.
● Code - All ICMP types can contain different codes as well. Some types only have a single code, while others have several codes that they can use. For example, the ICMP Destination Unreachable (type 3) can have at least code 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 set. Each code has a different meaning in that context then. For a complete listing of the different codes, see the ICMP types appendix. This field is 8 bits in length, total. We will discuss the different codes a little bit more in detail for each type later on in this section.
● Checksum - The Checksum is a 16 bit field containing a one's complement of the ones complement of the headers starting with the ICMP type and down. While calculating the checksum, the checksum field should be set to zero.
At this point the headers for the different packets start to look different also. We will describe the most common ICMP Types one by one, with a brief discussion of its headers and different codes.
