"Introduction to the Metaphysics of Morals" - читать интересную книгу автора (Kant Immanuel)

1785

INTRODUCTION TO THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS

by Immanuel Kant

translated by W. Hastie
DIVISIONS

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS

I. DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS AS A SYSTEM OF

DUTIES GENERALLY.

1. All duties are either duties of right, that is, juridical
duties (officia juris), or duties of virtue, that is, ethical duties
(officia virtutis s. ethica). Juridical duties are such as may be
promulgated by external legislation; ethical duties are those for
which such legislation is not possible. The reason why the latter
cannot be properly made the subject of external legislation is because
they relate to an end or final purpose, which is itself, at the same
time, embraced in these duties, and which it is a duty for the
individual to have as such. But no external legislation can cause
any one to adopt a particular intention, or to propose to himself a
certain purpose; for this depends upon an internal condition or act of
the mind itself. However, external actions conducive to such a
mental condition may be commanded, without its being implied that
the individual will of necessity make them an end to himself.

But why, then, it may be asked, is the science of morals, or moral
philosophy, commonly entitled- especially by Cicero- the science of
duty and not also the science of right, since duties and rights
refer to each other? The reason is this. We know our own freedom- from
which all moral laws and consequently all rights as well as all duties
arise- only through the moral imperative, which is an immediate
injunction of duty; whereas the conception of right as a ground of
putting others under obligation has afterwards to be developed out
of it.

2. In the doctrine of duty, man may and ought to be represented in
accordance with the nature of his faculty of freedom, which is
entirely supra-sensible. He is, therefore, to be represented purely
according to his humanity as a personality independent of physical
determinations (homo noumenon), in distinction from the same person as
a man modified with these determinations (homo phenomenon). Hence
the conceptions of right and end when referred to duty, in view of
this twofold quality, give the following division:

DIVISION OF THE METAPHYSIC OF MORALS ACCORDING TO THE OBJECTIVE