"richard 3" - читать интересную книгу автора (Cliff Notes)

And, if I fail not in my deep intent,
Clarence hath not another day to live.
(I, i, 149-50)

^^^^^^^^^^RICHARD III: PRONOUNS

Shakespeare and his contemporaries had the extra pronoun "thou," they used in addressing equals or social inferiors. "You" was obligatory if more than one person was addressed:

Stay, you that bear the corse, and set it down
(I, ii, 33)

and:

Of you, Lord Woodville, and, Lord Scales
(II, i, 69)

but it could also be used to indicate respect, as when Richard tells Prince Edward:

My lord, the Mayor of London comes to greet you.
(III, i, 17)

Frequently, a person in power used "thou" to a child or a subordinate, but was addressed "you" in return. This usage is clearly illustrated in the conversation between King Edward and Buckingham:

KING: Now, princely Buckingham, seal thou this league
.........
BUCK: Whenever Buckingham doth turn his hate
Upon your grace, with all duteous love
Doth cherish you and yours...
(I, i, 29ff)

but if "thou" was used inappropriately, it could cause grave offense. Margaret intended such offense when she told Richard:

A husband and a son thou owest to me.
(I, iii, 169)

One further pronominal reference warrants a comment. King Edward uses the royal plural "we" to stress his sovereignty in:

Happy indeed, as we have spent the day.
(II, i, 49)

^^^^^^^^^^RICHARD III: PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions were less standardized in Elizabethan English than they are today and so we find several uses in Richard III that would have to be modified in contemporary speech. Among these are:

"in" for "into" in:

But first I'll turn yon fellow in his grave
(I, ii, 260)

"with" for "by" in: